GENRE OF TEXTS

M HAFFIS EZA AGUSTA

3-IA-3

TEACHER BY :  Mr.JHONNY  S.Pd.I

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 8 BANDA ACEH

STUDY YEAR 2013 / 2014

 

                                                       GENRE OF TEXTS

1.NARRATIVE

A. The definition

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of methods used to communicate the narrative through a process narration.

B.Social function narrative

To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

C.Generic Structure 

1. Orientation ( who was involved, when and where was it happened)

2. Complication ( a problem arises and followed by other problems)

 3.Resolution ( provide solution to the problem)

D.grammatical features 

Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)

Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)

 Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)

 Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)

 Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

E.example

Orientation

Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were dead.

Complication 1

One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Resolution

Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the woods.

Complication                                                                               

Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Resolution

 Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said, “My name is Snow White.”

Reorientation

Happy ending.

2.Descriptive Text 

A.The Definition
Descriptive text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing. 

B.social function
The social function of Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing. Its generic structures are Identification and Description. Identification paragraph identifies phenomenon to be described. While description paragraphs describe or give the general and specific information about the person, place or thing described.

C.Generic Structure

      1)      Identification (identify phenomenon to be described)

      2)      Description (describe parts, qualities, characteristics)

D.grammatical features

·          Focus on specific participants

·          Use of attributive and identifying processes

·          Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups.

·         Use of the Simple Present Tense

E.Example

My House

identification

My house is located in Jl Lestari no. 5. There is wall fence in front of my house to limit the area with the other and many trees such as, avocado, mango, and guava. Besides that, I also have many kind of flower and my front yard is filled by grasses. There is a terrace which usually use for us to do some activities, like chatting with my parents in the evening, doing my homework, and playing Rubik’s cube with my brother.

description

The first room in my house is a guest room which functions to receive the guest and at this room there is one set of chair and a table; there are also two windows covered by red curtain. My guest room is not big enough and we usually use family room to receive when the guest is too many. The second room is my room which contains a bed almost as long as the room. There is a book rack besides the bed to put my brother’s books and my books. There is also a desk beside the rack book. It not only uses to study, but also functions to put my bag, my brother’s toys, my book, and my movies collection. The third room is my parent’s room; there is a clothes closet and a bed beside it. The bed merges with a small closet and it located in the front of bed. It contains my father’s books and my mother’s cosmetics. The fourth room is family room; at this room, there are a small bed for us to sit down and to sleep, a television, a DVD player, a sound system and a small aquarium. I usually spend the time at this room with my parents and my brother and it uses to discuss something or to watch a movie. That room is bigger than other room; so I feel comfortable to spend my time longer. The fifth room is a bathroom which contains of a bath up and two water tap. I have two bathrooms and it located side by side; so my second bathroom beside it. The sixth room is a kitchen; the first thing that you seeing are refrigerator beside the door, and there is a dining table with four chairs. In front of it, there are two gas stoves, a rack and two windows behind the stoves.

My back yard is divided into two sections by small fence; the first section is the area for my family and me; the second is for my pets and my plants. In the first section there are a well and a small warehouse. The second sections contains of many pets, such as, fishes, rabbits, chickens, and bird.

3.prosedure

A.The definition

·         Texts that explain how something works or how to use instruction / operation manuals e.g. how to use the video, the computer, the tape recorder, the photocopier, the fax.

·         Texts that instruct how to do a particular activity e.g. recipes, rules for games, science experiments, road safety rules.

·         Texts that deal with human behaviour, e.g how to live happily, how to succeed.

B.Social function 

 To describe a particular person, place or thing.

o    Goals ( the final purpose of doing the instruction)

o    Materials ( ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)

o   Steps ( a set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

C.generic structure

            (1)Goal (purpose or goal)
            (2)Materials Needed (material / equipment / materials required)
            (3) Methods or Steps (Methods / steps)

 D.features 

            §      Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)

            §      Use of action verbs (turn, put)

            §      Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

E. Example

goal:

How to Make Fried Rice

Fried rice is a familiar food from Indonesia; if you want to know how to prepare nasi goreng this is the procedure how to make nasi goreng. Just follow this explanation :

material :

·         350 gr. Long Grain Rice

·         2 Tbs. Vegetable Oil

·         3 Eggs

·         1 Onion

·         2 Green Chillis

·         1 Garlic Clove

·         1 Leek

·         1 teaspoon Ground Coriander

·         1 teaspoon Ground Cumin

·         250 gr. Chicken meat

·         250 gr. Shelled Prawns

·         3 Tbs. Kecap Manis

Steps :

This dish is best made from cold leftover rice, but you can cook a fresh batch and leave it to cool for at least 4 hours. Beat the eggs and make into a omelette, slice into strips and set aside. Heat the oil in a wok or large frying pan. Add the chopped onion, leek, garlic and chillis. Fry until the onion is soft. Add the Coriander and Cumin. Slice Chicken into strips and add with the prawns to the onion mixture and cook, stirring occasionally until they are well mixed. Add the rice, soya sauce and omelet strips and cook for a further 5 minutes.Decorate with some of the leftover leek and serve hot. Enjoy. 

4.RECOUNT

A.Recount

A recount tells about something that happened in the past. The details in a recount can include what happened, who was involved, where it took place, when it happened and why it occurred. 

A writer or speaker uses a recount to tell us about a story or an event. Recounts are usually given in the order that the event occurred. Recounts can be: 

• factual, such as a news story 
• procedural, such as telling someone how you built something 
• personal, such as a family holiday or your opinion on a subject.

B.Social function recount:

To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events

C.Generic Structure

§      Orientation ( who were involved, when and where was it happened)

§      Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)

§      Re-orientation ( optional – closure of events)

D.Grammatical feature 

*        Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)

*        Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)

*         Use of past tense ( We went for a trip to the zoo)

*        Use of adverbial phrases

*        Use of adjectives

E.Example

My Great Day of Proposing Girl

Orientation

I woke up at about five o'clock yesterday. It wasn't a regular day, because I was about to propose a girl.After praying and taking a bath, I had my early breakfast. At about nine o'clock I was in my office but my soul wasn't there. I was thinking about the lines that I had to say to her.

event

At one o'clock, I had my lunch but I wasn't enjoying it either. So, I practiced the lines to almost all girls I met at my lunch. Yes, I was a little bit crazy. Finally, it was three o'clock. I remembered all my lines. I wrapped my works and got ready to pick her up and of course proposed her.

re-orientation

I met her at four o'clock, took a little walk and went to a movie. At seven, we had a romantic dinner. I thought it was the perfect time to ask her to be my wife. Then I said the lines that I practiced the whole afternoon.She smiled. I reached my pocket to get a ring and put it around her finger. Then she said "Yes." After driven her home I went back to my house.

5.REPORT

A.Defination

The report text often also known as informational report. "Report", the Concise Oxford Dictionary 10th Edition, is defined as :

1) An account is given of a matter after investigation or consideration. 

2) A piece of information about an event or situation. 

So we can conclude, in a language view, a report text is used to serves to provide information about an event or situation, after the investigation and through the multi consideration.

Definition of text report is also fairly similar to what is often mentioned in various books in English at the intermediate level, "Report is a text roomates present information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyzes." [Report is a text which presents information about something as it is. This text is the result of systematic observation and analysis.]

B.Social function

To describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.

C.Generic Structure

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

D.Grammatical Feature
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense 

E.Example

1.      General Classification

Tyrannosaurus rex, sometimes just called T-rex, is believed to be the largest and most fearsome predator on Earth's land ever to have existed. 

2.     Description

              

-         Physical Appeareance :

Tyrannosaurus rex was up to 40 feet (12.4 m) long, about 15 to 20 feet (4.6 to 6 m) tall. The arms were only about 3 feet (1 m) long. Tyrannosaurus rex was roughly 5 to 7 tons in weight.

-         Behaviour :

As a carnivorous dinosaur, this giant predator most likely ambushed their prey, and devoured them with jaws full of white sharp teeth. With it's fast ability to run at an astonishing speed of 32 mph (50 kmh), a perfect slim and stiff tail that gave it an excellent balance and allowed it to make quick turns, equipped this gigantic predator and made it even more deadly, like a killing machine.

-         Environment :

This dinosaur once lived in the Creataceous period approximately 68 to 65 million years ago. The T-rex lived in a humid, semi-tropical environment, in open forests with nearby rivers and in coastal forested swamps. The seasons were mild.

6.NEWS ITEM

A.Definition

A news item text is a text which is grouped into the text genre of narration. The main function of narration is is telling stories or informing about events in chronological order. The order in the narration can be based of time, place and the events them selves.

B. Social function
To inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

C.Generic Structure

The main Generic Structure of News Item Text:

1. Newsworthy event(s)

2. Elaboration ( background, participant, time, place )

3. Resource of information

D.Grammatical Features

The Language Features of News Item Text:

1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

2. Focusing on circumstances

3. Using action verbs

4. Using saying verbs

5. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

E.Example

newsworthy event

A man bulldozes Neighbors' 4. Houses
A man damaged four houses after he drove his bulldozer through them. At least one vehicle was also destroyed. 

background event

The incident took place at Baker and Highway 101. The man was angry at his neighbors and took his bulldozer to the streets. He damaged four homes and cutting power to others. Nobody was hurt but power was out all day Friday. The man was booked into jail for malicious mischief. 

source
The Clallam County Sheriff's Office said "The man was irate with neighbors."

7. Explanation

A.Definition

The explanation text type tells how or why something occurs. It looks at the steps rather than the things. The purpose of an explanation is to tell each step of the process (the how) and to give reasons (the why). (Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson, 1997:81) Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific, and cultural phenomena.

According to Mark Anderson and Kathy Anderson (1997: 82) says that the explanation text type is often used to tell how and why thing (phenomena) occur in nature. Some examples of explanations are: How something occurs, why something happened, why things are a like or different, how to solve a problem, etc.

B.Social function

To explain the process involved in the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena

C.Generic structure

*        A general statement to position the reader

*        A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs

*        Closing

D.Grammatical feature

         Technical language

         Words that show cause and effect

         Use of the timeless present tense

E.Example

Making Paper from Woodchips
A general statement	Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products from forest trees.
A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs	The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe. Next the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill.          At the mill the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips.          The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities.At this stage they are either exported in this form or changed into pulp by chemicals and heat.          The pulp is then bleached and the water content is removed.
Closing	Finally the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

8.discussion

A.Definition

Discussion is a text which presents a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different points of view. It presents pro and contra opinion on certain issue.

The purpose of a discussion text is to present arguments and information from differing viewpoints. Discussion texts are usually written in the present tense.

B.social function

Social function discussion: To present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points)

C.Generic structure

§      Opening statement presenting the issue

§      Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons)

§      Concluding recommendation

D. Grammatical feature

*        Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.

*        Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.

*        Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.

*        Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.

*        Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.

*        Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.

*        Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.

*        Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

E.Example

Title

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Home Office
Everybody like home sweet home however making office at home is possible and recommend. Of course home office will has both advantage and disadvantage. Therefore it is wise to consider the strengths and weaknesses to have a home office. (Introduction)

Introduction

Some people will agree that having office at home will make benefit. It saves time. We need no commuting which occasionally takes a long time. Besides we are free to set the work schedule. Having home office will save money as we need not to purchase or lease of office space from rent companies. What make it more flexible is that we can set part or all parts of our home just as a real office. What we need is only a wireless router to cover all parts of our house with Internet. We can run our business wherever part of house we want, from living room, bed room, veranda, etc even we can make sell or purchase by online shopping for things we need. Furthermore Working at home might reduce stress, effort and time and divert it to other more productive things because while working, we are close to our families. 

Arguments
However making home as office also has some disadvantages. For some people, keeping the schedule is hard in flexible time. Such people type will harder if they are working just from home. There will no clear border between working and breaking. Working just from home also reduces the possibility to meet new people. It is true that computer and Internet connection possibly relate people every time and everywhere but we will interact with them in a dimension which is not real face.

Conclusion

So considering carefully what we actually need in running our business is very recommended before choosing to have office at home or not.

9.REVIEW

A. Definition

Literally, meaningful review "of reviews, summaries, reviews." If there is a phrase book review means meaningful reviews of the book. Therefore, review the text can be interpreted literally as text functioned to review. What are the terms? yes what is, good books, beauty products, cars, hp, laptop and so on.

B.Social Function

Apparently review text could serve as to criticize an art work, event for a public audience. (To provide a critique of a work of art, or the other for the general public).

C.Generic Structure

• Orientation: places the work in its general and particular context, Often by Comparing it with others of its kind or through an analog with a non-art object or event. (Put the work reviewed in the context of general or specific, usually by comparing with other similar works by analogy or object that is not art.)
• Interpretive Recount: summarize the plot and / or providers, an account of how the reviewed places rendition of the work came into being. (Summarizing the story "when reviewing the book" how to work the delivery)
• Evaluation: provides an evaluation of the work and / or its performance or production; Usually is recursive. (Giving a evaluari work or performance, production; evaluation is usually repetitive)
Actually, the general arrangement (generic structure) review text is not necessarily exactly the same as above, may be due to "summarize" lessons, so the composition of the three had been able as a general overview, okay.

D.Grammatical feature

1. Using the present tense.

2. Many use the adjective (the carpenter) like, bad, good, valuable, etc..

3. Often use long clause (clause length) and complex.

E.Example

Private Lives Sparkle

Orientation

Since the first production of ‘Private Lives’ in 1930, with the theatre’s two leading sophisticates Noel Coward and Gertrude Lawrence in the leads, the play has tended to be seen as a vehicle for stars.

Evaluation

QUT Academy of the Arts’ production boasted no ‘stars’, but certainly fielded potential stars in a sparkling performance that brought out just how fine a piece of craftsmanship Coward’s play is.

Evaluation

More than 60 years later, what new could be deduced from so familiar a theme?

Director Rod Wissler’s highly perceptive approach went beyond the glittery surface of Witty banter to the darker implications beneath.

Interpretative Recount

With the shifting of attitudes to social values, it became clear that Victor and Sibyl were potentially the more admirable of the couples, with standards better adjusted than the volatile and self-indulgent Elyot and Amanda.

Evaluation 

The wit was there, dexterously ping-ponged to and fro by a vibrant Amanda (Catherine Jones) and a suave Elyot (Daniel Kealy).

Evaluation

Julie Eckersley’s Sibyl was a delightful creation, and Phillip Cameron-Smith’s more serious playing was just right for Victor. Jodie Levesconte was a superb French maid. James Maclean’s set captured the Thirties atmosphere with many subtle touches.

Evaluative Summation

All involved deserve the highest praise.

10.SPOOF

A.Definition

Spoof Text is a text which tells about factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Spoof text is very similar to recount text. Both spoof text and recount text tell about the past event with chronological order. However, the purpose of Spoof Text is to amuse reader with funny story. The story mostly is ended with an unpredictable event. The other different is Spoof Text has “twist” in the end of the story.

B.Social function

Spoof
Social function : to share with others a real story of
which the ending is funny to amuse the
audience or readers.
Generic structure:
Orientation : the opening of the story which sets the
scene.
Events : the details of the events in the story.
Twist : the funny or unpredictable ending of the
story.

C.Generic Structure

1. Orientation (introduction of the participant of the story , where it happen and when. By giving the orientation, reader will recognize the story)

2. Events (tells about the chronological of the story. Several events are explored in chronological way which able to arrange the story read nicely.)

3. Twist (an unpredictable plot in the end of the story which amuse the reader. Readers even did not predict before that it would be)

D.Grammatical Feature

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things

2. Using Past Sentence

3. Using action verb; ate, ran, was walking, etc

4. Using adverb of time and place

5. Told in chronological order.

E.Example

Reading Book

ORIENTATION
There was a student. He studied at a college. The student was was deeply in love with his girl classmate. Unfortunately he did not know know what to do to get the girl’s attention.

EVENTS
One day, the student got assignment. He planned to attract the girl. So he asked the girl for help with his assignments. The day was his fortunate as the beautiful girl agreed. So he came to sit next to the girl happily. He built an impression as a diligent student and took out a book pretending to read.

TWIST

After while, the girl was curious and asked: “You must be a genius. How can you read a book upside down?” She continued: " I am impressed"

11.Anecdote

A.Definition

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

B. Social function :

To describe a particular person, place or thing.

C.Generic Structure
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.

D.Grammatical Feature
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense

E.Example

Snake in the Bathroom

Abstract

How would you like to find a snake in you bath?

Orientation

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.

crisis

Suddenly to my horror, a snake's head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.

incident

For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom.

Coda

Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or she'd probably have lean over the bath to get a better look.

We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the shock I got! Ever since then I've always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.

12. hortatory exposition

A.Definition

Hortatory Exposition is a type of English text that belongs to the class of Argumentation.

Hortatory Exposition is a type of English textthat influences the reader to do something oract in a certain way.

In Hortatory Exposition, there are some opinions about certain things to reinforce the main ideas of the text

B.Social Function

Social function of the hortatory exposition is to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.

C.Generic Structure
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation

D.Grammatical Feature
1. Focusing on the writer
2. Using abstract noun; policy, advantage, etc
3. Using action verb
4. Using thinking verb
5. Using modal adverb; certainly, surely, etc
6. Using temporal connective; firstly, secondly, etc
7. Using evaluative words; important, valuable, trustworthy, etc
8. Using passive voice
9. Using simple present tense

E.Example

Corruption

Thesis

Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.

Argument 1

The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.

Argument 2

Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.

Recommendation

I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.

13.Analytical Exposition

A.Definition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

B.Social Function

To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case. (Untuk meyakinkan danmempengaruhi pembaca atau pendengar bahwa ada masalah yang perlu mendapat perhatian

C.Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

·         Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

·         Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position

·         Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support the writer’s position more

·         Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

D.Grammatical Features

·         Using relational process

·         Using internal conjunction

·         Using causal conjunction

·         Using Simple Present Tense

E.Example

 Cars should be banned

Thesis

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

argument 1

Firstly, cars, as we all know, give contribution to the most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchritis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Argument 2

Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrains in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

Argument 3

Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or to concentrate on your homework, and especially when you talk to someone.

Reiteration

In conclusion, cars should be benned from the city for the reason listed.